1.)Who do you think causes the achievement gap?
I think a little bit of everything contributes. First, not going to preschool does give you a disadvantage. Second, parents are sometimes not involved in what their children do or how they are doing in school. They may show no interest in their childrens education which may cause the kids to kind of give up on doing good in school. Also the teachers are lowering their level of expectations on some of those who were bad in the beginning but wanted to change after. Last,maybe culture may have a role in this as well.

2.) What can students do to close the gap?
What students can do to close this gap is to focus in school and worry about everything else outside of school. Also to leave al the "cool" thing aside and try to be competitive.

3.)What can parents do?
Parents could put their kids in preschool when they are 3 to 4 years old. This would give them an advantage in school and would probably be ahead. Also to be involved in what their children do at school and how they are doing. Last, they should see themselves as teachers and show interest in what their kids are doing.

4.)What can teachers/schools do?
Teachers should not lower their levels of expectations on some students because they may be bad in the beginning but they may turn out to want an education after. Also, school should give everyone a chance to succeed.